九月 27, 2023

撰写的 WID.world

Global inequality of hourly income

Where do people work the most, and earn the most? Is there a link between working hours and income inequality?

Anique Ahmed compares variations in hourly income between and within countries and regions, and across income groups. The study covers 64 countries in total, with data gaps for countries in Africa. Key findings are:

Globally, people are working fewer hours compared to the past, with the exception of Asia, where people are working more hours over time. Europe has the lowest average working hours in the world in 2017 (a decline of 29% since 1950).
Despite an increase in hourly national income globally, there are significant differences in the distribution of hourly national income across regions. Among the global economies, the United States has consistently maintained one of the highest average hourly income, followed by Europe.
The United States have also the most unequal distribution of hourly income. It is the only region where the richest 10% earn more per hour than the middle 40%.
Global inequality of hourly income may be much higher than the inequality of annual income due to longer average working hours in poorer countries.

AUTHORS

Anique Ahmed, Paris School of Economics

MEDIA CONTACT

press@wid.world.com

下载

“Global Inequality of Hourly Income, 1980-2020”, World Inequality Lab Technical Note 2023/3

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What distinguishes WID.world’s inequality data from the OECD, the World Bank, or other inequality data providers?

Only few institutions provide inequality estimates and those who do so (e.g. the the OECD or the World Bank data portals) rely for the most part on household surveys. One key problem with surveys, however, is that they are based upon self-reporting and are well known to underestimate top incomes and top wealth shares. In addition, surveys only cover a limited time span and make it impossible to offer a long-term perspective on inequality trends.

In contrast, WID.world combines national accounts and survey data with fiscal data sources. This allows us to release inequality estimates that are more reliable – from the bottom to the top of the distribution of income and wealth – and also that span over much longer periods.

The data series provided in WID.world should however not be seen as perfect and definitive: existing series are continuously updated and improved by WID.world fellows, following new raw data releases or conceptual and methodological improvements. All the methodological followed to construct our series can be found in country-specific papers in our methodology library or in the DINA guidelines.

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What distinguishes WID.world’s national accounts data from the UN, the IMF, the World Bank, or other national accounts data providers?

Estimates for national accounts (such as national income and national wealth) found on WID.world and on international statistical institutions databases are generally consistent, buy can vary for several reasons.

First, we release detailed series for national wealth accounts, which usually cannot be found on other portals. Next, we include corrections for offshore wealth and offshore capital income, so that our series on foreign capital income inflows and outflows are consistent at the global level (e.g. they sum to zero), which is typically not the case in existing databases.

Finally, reliable series for the consumption of fixed capital (capital depreciation) estimates are not readily available for a large number of countries, so we combine various sources and develop new methods to derive consistent global series.

As a consequence, we are able to offer consistent global series on national income – i.e. GDP minus consumption of fixed capital, plus net foreign income – which do not exist elsewhere.

WID.world uses 2011 Purchasing Power Parity round for international comparisons. It should also be noted that default monetary values for Eurozone countries are displayed in PPP Euros and are thus different from Market exchange rate Euros. A Eurozone country with high relative prices will have a lower PPP Euro average income values. Market exchange rates values can be obtained in our custom menus.

All these methodological choices can explain slightly different values between WID.world and other data portals. They are described in the Metadata associated to each variable and in the associated methodological documents. See in particular the « World National Accounts Series Methodology » (here) and the « Distributional National Accounts Guidelines » (there).

In addition, it should be noted that there are specific countries such as China where there is substantial controversy about price deflators and aggregate real growth. In such cases we review all existing series and attempt to combine them in the most sensible manner. This is fully explained in the country-specific papers.

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There are already many on line economic data portals, why using WID.world?

Over the past decades, the increase in economic inequalities was largely driven by a rise in income and wealth accruing to the top of the distribution. However, household surveys, the data sources traditionally used to observe these dynamics, do not capture these evolution very well. They provide useful information and cover a lot of countries but do not inform adequately on income and wealth levels of the richest individuals.

WID.world overcomes this limitation by combining different data sources: national accounts, survey data, fiscal data, and wealth rankings. By doing so, it becomes possible to track very precisely the evolution of all income or wealth levels, from the bottom to the top. The key novelty of the WID.world project is to use such data in a systematic manner, allowing comparisons between countries and over long time periods.

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